For decades, frogs, salamanders, and other amphibians have been plagued. According to Wired’s Maryn McKenna, a global fungal pandemic affecting these creatures has driven 90 amphibian species to extinction and killed significant numbers of 400 other species.
Researchers have now linked this amphibian extinction to an increase in malaria cases in Costa Rica and Panama in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. According to Clare Wilson of New Scientist, the decline in amphibians has likely resulted in an increase in malaria-spreading mosquitoes because amphibian tadpoles eat mosquito larvae.
Malaria cases spiked in Costa Rica and Panama in the 1990s and 2000s. The region’s massive loss of amphibians due to a deadly fungal disease may have contributed to the rise in this human disease.
The spread of the fungal disease chytridiomycosis was a slow-motion disaster, resulting in a decades-long decline in amphibian populations worldwide. The wave moved from northwest to southeast across Costa Rica and Panama from the 1980s to the 2000s, hitting different places at different times. Researchers report in the issue of Environmental Research Letters that an analysis of local ecological surveys, public health records, and satellite data suggests a link between the amphibian die-offs and an increase in human malaria cases as the wave passed through.
Humans are causing wildlife to be lost at a rate similar to that of other major mass extinction events. We are increasingly aware that these losses can have major impacts on human health and well-being — and, in particular, on risk of infectious disease.
Michael Springborn
Identifying how biodiversity loss “ripple[s] through ecosystems and affect[s] humans,” according to Michael Springborn, an environmental economist at the University of California, Davis, can help make the case for preventive measures in the face of other ecological threats.
Springborn and colleagues discovered that each county in Costa Rica and Panama experienced 0.8 to 1.1 additional cases of malaria per 1,000 people per year for about six years, beginning a couple of years after the amphibian losses. According to other research, amphibians serve as important mosquito-control agents. Amphibian larvae eat mosquito larvae, and the animals compete for resources such as places to live.
So the missing frogs, toads, and salamanders may have led to more mosquitoes and potentially more malaria transmission. But it’s unclear whether mosquito populations actually increased during this time, Springborn says, because those data don’t exist.
Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis or Bd, has led to the largest recorded loss of biodiversity due to a disease. It’s caused the decline of at least 500 species globally (SN: 3/28/19). Ninety of those species are presumed extinct. Frogs and toads in the Americas and Australia have suffered the greatest declines. The international trade in amphibians has spread the fungus globally.
Springborn and colleagues wondered if the impacts of the amphibian losses stretched to humans too. The researchers turned to Costa Rica and Panama, where the fungus moved through ecosystems in a somewhat uniform way along the narrow strip of land on which the two countries sit, Springborn says. This meant that the researchers could work out when the fungus arrived at a given place. The team also looked at the number of malaria cases in those places before and after the amphibian die-offs.
In the first couple of years after the animals’ decline, malaria cases started to rise. For the following six years or so, cases remained elevated, then started to go down again. The researchers aren’t sure yet what was behind the eventual drop. Studies on the connections between biodiversity loss and human health might “help motivate conservation by highlighting the direct benefits of conservation to human well-being,” says Hillary Young, a community ecologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara who was not involved in the work.
“Humans are causing wildlife to be lost at a rate similar to that of other major mass extinction events,” she says. “We are increasingly aware that these losses can have major impacts on human health and well-being — and, in particular, on risk of infectious disease.”
