Chalcopyrite solar cells, also known as copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells, are a type of thin-film solar cell that is becoming increasingly popular in the photovoltaic industry. Chalcopyrite solar cells are made by depositing a thin layer of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium onto a substrate, which can be made of glass, plastic, or metal. To fulfill the world's population's rising energy needs, clean, sustainable energy solutions are crucial. Promising possibilities for reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality are high-efficiency solar cells. In this context, solution-processed copper indium gallium sulfur diselenide solar cells (CIGSSe) have drawn a