Significant findings from research conducted by Curtin University on the age and endurance of an ancient asteroid composed of stony debris and dust could help save the world if one ever hurtles near it.
The Japanese Space Agency’s Hayabusa 1 mission brought back three minuscule dust fragments from the surface of the old, 500-meter-long rubble pile asteroid Itokawa for analysis.
The findings of the study revealed that the asteroid Itokawa, which is 2 million kilometers from Earth and is around the size of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, is difficult to destroy and resistant to collision.
Lead author Professor Fred Jourdan, Director of the Western Australian Argon Isotope Facility, part of the John de Laeter Centre and the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Curtin, said the team also found Itokawa is almost as old as the solar system itself.
“Unlike monolithic asteroids, Itokawa is not a single lump of rock, but belongs to the rubble pile family which means it’s entirely made of loose boulders and rocks, with almost half of it being empty space,” Professor Jourdan said.
“The survival time of monolithic asteroids the size of Itokawa is predicted to be only several hundreds of thousands of years in the asteroid belt.”
“The huge impact that destroyed Itokawa’s monolithic parent asteroid and formed Itokawa happened at least 4.2 billion years ago. Such an astonishingly long survival time for an asteroid the size of Itokawa is attributed to the shock-absorbent nature of rubble pile material. In short, we found that Itokawa is like a giant space cushion, and very hard to destroy.”
The Curtin-led team examined the three dust particles using two distinct methods. The first one measures if a rock has been shocked by a meteor impact and is known as electron backscattered diffraction. The second technique for dating asteroid collisions is argon-argon dating.
Co-author Associate Professor Nick Timms, also from Curtin’s School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, said the durability of rubble pile asteroids was previously unknown, jeopardising the ability to design defence strategies in case one was hurtling toward Earth.
“We set out to answer whether rubble pile asteroids are resistant to being shocked or whether they fragment at the slightest knock,” Associate Professor Timms said.
“Now that we have found they can survive in the solar system for almost its entire history, they must be more abundant in the asteroid belt than previously thought, so there is more chance that if a big asteroid is hurtling toward Earth, it will be a rubble pile.
“The good news is that we can also use this information to our advantage if an asteroid is detected too late for a kinetic push, we can then potentially use a more aggressive approach like using the shockwave of a close-by nuclear blast to push a rubble-pile asteroid off course without destroying it.”
Curtin University co-authors include Associate Professor William Rickard, Celia Mayers, Professor Steven Reddy, Dr. David Saxey, and John Curtin Distinguished Professor Phil Bland, all from the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
